Systematic Review of Research on Suicide in Iran
Subject Areas : Research on Iranian social issues
gholamreza Tajbakhsg
1
,
mohamadreza yafarpo
2
1 - Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd, Iran.
2 - Associate Professor of Sociology, Amin University of Law Enforcement Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Keywords: Depression, Social support, suicide, harmful behaviors, religiousness.,
Abstract :
Systematic Review of Research on Suicide in Iran
Gholamreza Tajbakhsh*
Mohammadreza Pooyafar **
Suicide is one of the important and common social harms that is increasing in the country. Suicide is one of the main damaging factors in the structure and stability of society, which has adverse effects on the individual, family, and society. Accordingly, this study, within the framework of the meta-analysis of the country's priority harms, has explored and summarized the factors affecting this social problem based on the findings obtained in research in the last two decades in Iran. To conduct the meta-analysis method, 151 studies conducted between 2002 and 2019 were collected, and 24 of these studies were selected according to the meta-analysis criteria. Each of these studies was conducted quantitatively and with a survey approach and have reliable measures. In examining the research findings, first the assumptions of homogeneity and publication bias of the selected studies were examined. The findings indicate that the size effect is heterogeneous and the publication bias of the selected studies is not biased. Then, in the second step, the effect size coefficient was examined using CMA software. The results of the meta-analysis showed that two of the four most frequent variables among the studies under review had a direct effect and the other two had an inverse effect on suicide or suicidal tendencies. Mental problems and illness with a medium effect size of 0.437 and depression with an effect size of 0.557 had a direct and stimulating effect on suicide or suicidal tendencies, and religiousness and social support indicating an inverse and inhibitory effect on suicide.
Keywords: Depression, Social support, suicide, harmful behaviors, religiousness.
Introduction
Suicide is a social harm that has numerous consequences at the individual, family and social levels and poses harmful risks to the structure of societies, and its presence in society indicates disorder, deviation and abnormality and numerous social problems. Suicide, especially at a young age, causes the loss of human capital in society. Therefore, if ignored, it will lead to serious consequences, including family disarray, loss of human capital, etc., which are important resources of society.
According to existing research and statistics, the largest age group of suicides in Iran is usually youth and young adults. The age group of 15 to 35 is known as the riskiest age group for suicide. The highest frequency of suicides in Iran is in the age group of 25 to 34, and the age group of 15 to 24 is also at high risk for suicide. Therefore, considering the aforementioned materials, it now seems that after the formation of an accumulation of empirical research on the social harm of suicide, it is necessary to review, analyze, and re-examine what has been done about this priority social harm in the country, to explain the factors, contexts, and effective strategies for reducing or preventing them based on a meta-analysis of these studies. Meta-analysis of suicide in Iran may be necessary for various reasons. Suicide is a serious and complex issue that involves various factors such as psychological, social, economic, and cultural problems. Performing a meta-analysis in this context can help to more accurately identify risk factors, behavioral patterns, and consequences of suicide.
Methodology
The present study is applied and meta-analytic in terms of purpose. In the meta-analysis method, the researcher, by recording the characteristics and data of a set of studies in the form of quantitative concepts, prepares them for the use of statistical methods and extracts new and coherent findings with strong statistical methods. To perform the meta-analysis method, 151 studies conducted between 2002 and 2019 were collected, and 24 of these studies were selected according to the meta-analysis criteria. Each of these studies was conducted quantitatively and with a survey approach and has reliable measures. In examining the research findings, first the assumptions of homogeneity and publication bias of the selected studies were examined. The findings indicate that the size effect is heterogeneous and the publication bias of the selected studies is not biased. Then, in the second step, the effect size coefficient was examined using CMA software.
Findings
The results of the meta-analysis showed that two of the four most frequent variables among the studies examined had a direct effect and the other two had an inverse effect on suicide or suicidal tendencies. Mental illness with a medium effect size of 0.437 and depression with an effect size of 0.557 had a direct and stimulating effect on suicide or suicidal tendencies, indicating an inverse and deterrent effect on suicide. In contrast, religiosity with a medium effect size of -0.303 and social support with a medium effect size of -0.415 have shown an inverse and deterrent effect on suicide.
Conclusion
This study addressed one of the most important and prioritized social harms in recent years in the country, namely suicide. Although suicide is not considered a crime, it is a sign of the presence of harmful symptoms that lead to suicide. These harmful conditions, which are often associated with various crimes, including drug addiction, can marginalize and pressure groups in society, and ultimately lead to suicide.
Faith and belief in the One God creates a solid foundation against the problems, hardships, and deprivations of life, gives strength to humans in life, and brings them peace in social life; but weakness of faith is a warning sign that declares human helplessness in the face of life's hardships and makes them helpless in the face of problems and difficulties. Therefore, religiosity is of fundamental importance in preventing and reducing social harms and is therefore considered one of the main priority factors to consider in the country's planning and policymaking in reducing social harms.
The socio-economic status of individuals plays a decisive role in the tendency to social harms. For example, a better economic situation or having higher education can be a deterrent factor in the tendency to commit suicide, or the unemployment variable is an important factor in the occurrence of all social harms, including divorce, addiction, conflict, stealing, and suicide. Accordingly, unemployment is directly related to all these harms.
Social support, whether from family, friends, or from support institutions and broad-based structures of society, has had a significant impact on social harms, especially suicide. Suicide, especially for disadvantaged groups in society, in many cases occurs as a result of the individual's marginalization and lack of social support; Because the individual is not supported to start anew in life, resist the context of deviant behaviors and social bonding; because the level of motivation and stimulation that exists towards deviant behavior is more than the stimulation and stimulation of normal behaviors for him.
In addition to social factors affecting the occurrence of social harms, deviant behaviors and crimes, some individual and psychological factors have also been examined in the studies under study and their relationship has been confirmed. The effect of psychological factors and contexts is of great importance, especially in harms such as suicide. In fact, it must be said that in the analysis and explanation of the factors affecting suicide, these psychological factors have had a special prominence in explaining how these issues and deviant behaviors occur. At the same time, suicide, like divorce, are two important social problems and harms in which both social factors and individual and psychological factors are important, and the effect of both groups of factors has been confirmed in the various studies under study.
Mental problems and illnesses, especially depression, are one of the most important factors affecting suicide. Studies show that people with mental problems and disorders, especially depression, are more likely to attempt suicide. Social support is considered one of the key factors in reducing the risk of suicide. The presence of strong support networks can help people cope with mental and psychological crises. The theoretical approach of social support states that people with access to social support feel more secure and calm, which can lead to a reduction in feelings of loneliness and hopelessness. The results of some studies show that people with stronger social support are less likely to attempt suicide. This study shows that social support can act as a protective factor against suicide (cf. Wang et al, 2016). Mental problems and illnesses and depression are known to be factors affecting suicide, while religiosity and social support can act as protective factors. Therefore, suicide prevention programs should focus on improving mental health, strengthening social ties, and promoting positive religiosity.
In this study, one of the important and prioritized social harms in recent years in the country, namely suicide, was addressed. Suicide, although not considered a crime, is a sign of the presence of harmful symptoms that lead to suicide. These harmful conditions, which are often associated with various crimes, including drug addiction, can marginalize and pressure groups in society, ultimately leading to suicide.
Faith and belief in the One God creates a solid foundation against the problems, hardships, and deprivations of life, gives strength to humans in life, and brings them peace in social life; however, weakness of faith is a warning sign that declares human helplessness in the face of life's hardships and makes them helpless in the face of problems and issues. Therefore, religiosity is of fundamental importance in preventing and reducing social harms and is therefore considered one of the main priority factors to consider in the country's planning and policymaking in reducing social harms.
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* Corresponding Author: Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd, Iran.
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1155-8857
** Associate Professor of Sociology, Amin University of Law Enforcement Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0912-7908
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